Here, Hegel published his Philosophy of Right (1821). [127] Kaufmann has argued that as unlikely as it may sound, it is not the case that Hegel was unable to write clearly, but that Hegel felt that "he must and should not write in the way in which he was gifted".[128]. However, Hegel himself describes the system as a "circle of circles:", ...the science presents itself as a circle that winds around itself, where the mediation winds the end back to the beginning which is the simple ground; the circle is thus a circle of circles, for each single member ensouled by the method is reflected into itself so that, in returning to the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member.[92]. deutscher Philosoph, Begründer der Dialektik, bedeutendster Vertreter des deutschen Idealismus, einflussreichster Philosoph seiner Zeit; versuchte eine umfassende, begreifbare Deutung der Welt zu geben. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel war ein deutscher Philosoph, der als wichtigster Vertreter des deutschen Idealismus gilt. [citation needed]. In his classroom Hegel was more impressive than fascinating. Every member loves the State with genuine patriotism, but has transcended simple "team spirit" by reflectively endorsing their citizenship. Before Hegel, the word dialecticreferredto the process of argument and refutation through which philosopherssought to discover the truth. Hegel secured a position at the University of Jena as a Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) after submitting the inaugural dissertation De Orbitis Planetarum, in which he briefly criticized arguments that assert—based on Bode's Law or other arbitrary choice of mathematical series—there must exist a planet between Mars and Jupiter. To his chagrin, Fries was, in the same year, made Ordinary Professor (salaried).[59]:224–25. Once his terminology is understood and his main principles grasped, he presents far less difficulty than Kant, for example. [110], Hegel identified as an orthodox Lutheran and believed his philosophy was consistent with Christianity. [59]:192, In March 1807, Hegel moved to Bamberg, where Niethammer had declined and passed on to Hegel an offer to become editor of a newspaper, the Bamberger Zeitung [de]. Especially crucial are Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and Kant's immediate successors, most prominently Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. It does not occur anywhere in, "One of the few things on which the analysts, pragmatists, and existentialists agree with the dialectical theologians is that Hegel is to be repudiated: their attitude toward Kant, Aristotle, Plato, and the other great philosophers is not at all unanimous even within each movement; but opposition to Hegel is part of the platform of all four, and of the Marxists, too.". [140] Kierkegaard criticized Hegel's "absolute knowledge" unity. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel var den mest fremtredende tyske filosofen på 1800-tallet. Hegel's contemporary Schopenhauer was particularly critical and wrote of Hegel's philosophy as "a pseudo-philosophy paralyzing all mental powers, stifling all real thinking". With papered seal. He lectured on "Logic and Metaphysics" and gave lectures with Schelling on an "Introduction to the Idea and Limits of True Philosophy" and facilitated a "philosophical disputorium". He was a leading figure in the German Idealism movement in the early 19th Century, although his ideas went far beyond earlier Kantianism, and he founded his own school of Hegelianism. "[88], If we abstract 'Ding' [thing] from 'Ding an sich' [thing in itself], we get one of Hegel's standard phrases: 'an sich.' Hegels filosofi kan ses som både en videreføring og en kritikk av Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Like Plato, with his dualism of soul versus bodily appetites, Kant pursued the mind's ability to question its felt inclinations or appetites and to come up with a standard of "duty" (or, in Plato's case, "good") which transcends bodily restrictiveness. "[81], So how are the categories derived? This mind comprehends all of these phases and sub-parts as steps in its own process of comprehension. — Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, buch Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. [30][31], Hegel's principal achievement was his development of a distinctive articulation of idealism, sometimes termed absolute idealism,[32] in which the dualisms of, for instance, mind and nature and subject and object are overcome. Hegel's State is the final culmination of the embodiment of freedom or right (Rechte) in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Authors he read include the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and writers associated with the Enlightenment, such as Christian Garve and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Hegel sees relational and metaphysical unities between Jesus and God the Father. While it appears that he felt that a civil society, such as the one in which he lived, was an inevitable step in the dialectic, he allowed for the crushing of other "lesser," not fully realized civil societies as they were not fully conscious of their lack of progress. Hegel’s system is avowedly an attempt to unify opposites—spirit and nature, universal and particular, ideal and real—and to be a synthesis in which all the partial and contradictory philosophies of his predecessors are alike contained and transcended. For Hegel, reason is "speculative" – not "dialectical". Hijo de un funcionario de la hacienda pública, Hegel creció en un ambiente de pietismo protestante y estudió a los clásicos griegos y latinos mientras estuvo en el gymnasium de su ciudad natal. (Hegel has been seen in the twentieth century as the originator of the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad,[34] but as an explicit phrase it originated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (born August 27, 1770, Stuttgart, Württemberg [Germany]—died November 14, 1831, Berlin), German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis. [144] Karl Popper quoted Schopenhauer as stating, "Should you ever intend to dull the wits of a young man and to incapacitate his brains for any kind of thought whatever, then you cannot do better than give Hegel to read...A guardian fearing that his ward might become too intelligent for his schemes might prevent this misfortune by innocently suggesting the reading of Hegel. Die Theorien von Marx spiegelten auch die Ansichten des deutschen Philosophen Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel wider. Animado por su padre para que se hiciera pastor protestante, en 1788 ingresó en el seminario de la Universidad de Tubinga, donde entabló amistad con el poeta Friedrich Hölderlin y el filósofo Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, de significada filiación romántica, compartiendo con ellos su entusiasmo por la Revoluci… [73] Although Napoleon chose not to close down Jena as he had other universities, the city was devastated and students deserted it in droves, making Hegel's financial prospects even worse. By philosophy's grey on grey it cannot be rejuvenated but only understood. As a graduate of a Protestant seminary, Hegel's theological concerns were reflected in many of his writings and lectures. In accounts of Hegelianism formed prior to the Hegel renaissance, Hegel's dialectic was often characterized as a three-step process, "thesis, antithesis, synthesis"; a "thesis" (e.g. Hegel's thinking can be understood as a constructive development within the broad tradition that includes Plato and Immanuel Kant. Although Hegel began his philosophizing with commentary on the Christian religion and often expresses the view that he is a Christian, his ideas are not acceptable to some Christians even though he has had a major influence on 19th- and 20th-century theology. In accordance with his wishes, Hegel was buried in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery next to Fichte and Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger. In 1776, he entered Stuttgart's gymnasium illustre and during his adolescence read voraciously, copying lengthy extracts in his diary. This liberal distinction between political society and civil society was used by Alexis de Tocqueville. However, Hegel interprets not-A as not existing at all, not nothing at all, which cannot be conceived, but an indeterminate or "pure" being without particularity or specificity. Jahrhunderts und Denker und Philosophen wie Marx, Engels und Nietzsche. [131] Since the fall of the Soviet Union, a new wave of Hegel scholarship has arisen in the West without the preconceptions of the prior schools of thought. For Hegel, analysis or comprehension of a thing or idea reveals that underneath its apparently simple identity or unity is an underlying inner contradiction. Critiques of Hegel offered by the Left Hegelians radically diverted Hegel's thinking into new directions and eventually came to form a large part of the literature on and about Hegel. One person advances a proposition or belief, and Socratesrefutes it and shows why that proposition is wrong, which clearsthe way for a better, more convincing argument to take its place.The point of dialectical reasoning, before Hegel, was to clear awaymisconceptions and arrive at first principles—basic, fundamentaltruths on whic… Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel war ein deutscher Philosoph, der als wichtigster Vertreter des deutschen Idealismus gilt. [59][77] His last words are said to have been, "There was only one man who ever understood me, and even he didn't understand me. Ludwig Fischer and his mother (whom Hegel may have offered to marry following the death of her husband) stayed behind in Jena. This focus on freedom is what generates Plato's notion (in the Phaedo, Republic and Timaeus) of the soul as having a higher or fuller kind of reality than that possessed by inanimate objects. In 1805, the university promoted Hegel to the position of Extraordinary Professor (unsalaried) after he wrote a letter to the poet and minister of culture Johann Wolfgang Goethe protesting the promotion of his philosophical adversary Jakob Friedrich Fries ahead of him. All three together are called "ethical life" (Sittlichkeit). Er war ein komplexer Denker, der die deutsche Philosophie im 19. Richard Rojcewicz), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Insole, C. J., "The Origin of Evil and the Incoherence of Noumenal First Causation", in. Museum Tusculanum Press. November 1831 in Berlin. Finite things do not determine themselves because, as "finite" things, their essential character is determined by their boundaries over against other finite things, so in order to become "real" they must go beyond their finitude ("finitude is only as a transcending of itself").[95]:145. )[35][a], Hegel has influenced many thinkers and writers whose own positions vary widely. She died of bilious fever (Gallenfieber) when Hegel was thirteen. 2008. [59]:548 Early the following year, Hegel's sister Christiane committed suicide by drowning. The universe as becoming is a combination of being and non-being. The result of this argument is that finite and infinite—particular and universal, nature and freedom—do not face one another as independent realities, but instead the latter, in each case, is the self-transcending of the former. [100] Broadly speaking, the term was split, like Hegel's followers, to the political left and right. Preface xxx Variant: When philosophy paints its grey on grey, then has a shape of life grown old. In other words, it is not enough to consider propositions, or even the content of consciousness; "it is worthwhile to ask in every instance what kind of spirit would entertain such propositions, hold such views, and have such a consciousness. Søren Kierkegaard Concluding Unscientific Postscriptt. The philosopher Walter Kaufmann argued that there was sharp criticism of traditional Christianity in Hegel's early theological writings. With his finances drying up quickly, Hegel was under great pressure to deliver his book, the long-promised introduction to his philosophical system. "Rezension des Aenesidemus" ("Review of Aenesidemus"), This term is actually quite rare in Hegel's writings. In 1817, Hegel published The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline as a summary of his philosophy for students attending his lectures at Heidelberg. His students saw a plain, old-fashioned face, without life or lustre—a figure that had never looked young and was now prematurely aged. In his posthumously published Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, Part 3, Hegel is particularly interested in demonstrations of God's existence and the ontological proof. This research program took on new meaning with the 1781 publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Personage and influence: In his classroom Hegel was more impressive than fascinating. So he, too, sometimes spoke of God and, more often, of the divine; and because he occasionally took pleasure in insisting that he was really closer to this or that Christian tradition than some of the theologians of his time, he has sometimes been understood to have been a Christian. [120], Hegel continued to develop his thoughts on religion both in terms of how it was to be given a 'wissenschaftlich', or "theoretically rigorous," account in the context of his own "system," and how a fully modern religion could be understood.[121]. His father, Georg Ludwig, was Rentkammersekretär (secretary to the revenue office) at the court of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. [93]:127–128 All three find common ground on the unique position of humans in the universe, relative to animals and inanimate objects. p. 100, In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. Nürnberg, September 2, 1814. Obwohl Georg Friedrich Hegel an zahlreichen Orten wirkte, wird … [132] Believing that the traditional description of Hegel's philosophy in terms of thesis–antithesis–synthesis was mistaken, a few scholars like Raya Dunayevskaya have attempted to discard the triadic approach. During this period, he composed the text which has become known as the Life of Jesus and a book-length manuscript titled "The Positivity of the Christian Religion". [75]:207–208, In 1819–1827, he made two trips to Weimar, where he met Goethe, and to Brussels, the Northern Netherlands, Leipzig, Vienna, Prague, and Paris.[76]. [137] Regarding Hegel's interpretation of history, Russell commented: "Like other historical theories, it required, if it was to be made plausible, some distortion of facts and considerable ignorance". However, Hegel used this classification only once and he attributed the terminology to Kant. – Confirmes in his capacity as the director of the Nuremberg Ägidiengymnasium, which he headed since 1808, the learning success of Johann Christoph Sigmund Lechner. For this reason, Hegel's Logic begins with the summum genus, "Being, pure Being," ("and God has the absolutely undisputed right that the beginning be made with him"[83]) from which are derived more concrete concepts such as becoming, determinate being, something, and infinity. He formulated an early philosophical example of a disenchantment narrative, arguing that Judaism was responsible both for realizing the existence of Geist and, by extension, for separating nature from ideas of spiritual and magical forces and challenging polytheism. Danach war er bis zum Abschluss im Jahr 1788 Schüler des dortigen "Gymnasiums illustre". Popper further proposed that Hegel's philosophy served not only as an inspiration for communist and fascist totalitarian governments of the 20th century, whose dialectics allow for any belief to be construed as rational simply if it could be said to exist. [59]:223 Hegel attempted to enlist the help of the poet and translator Johann Heinrich Voß to obtain a post at the renascent University of Heidelberg, but he failed. One of these problematic aspects was his conception of human nature as irreconcilably split between reason and emotion. In the United States, Hegel's influence is evident in pragmatism. Eines unterscheidet Hegels Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts von anderen Werken der politischen Philosophie: Das Buch beschreibt den Staat nicht, wie er sein sollte, sondern wie er, zumindest in Hegels Augen, zu Beginn des 19. This notion of identity in difference, which is bound up with his conception of contradiction and negativity, is a principal feature differentiating Hegel's thought from other philosophers. Der Staat als organische Einheit. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel zu "Meine Themen" hinzufügen: Schlagwort Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel abonnieren Um Meine Themen nutzen zu können, müssen Sie sich anmelden. (Karl Barth. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel wurde 1770 in Stuttgart geboren. A number of other works on the philosophy of history, religion, aesthetics and the history of philosophy[123] were compiled from the lecture notes of his students and published posthumously. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (/ˈheɪɡəl/;[27][28] German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡl̩];[28][29] 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure in German idealism. From the time of Leibniz to the widespread adoption of Frege's logic in the 1930s, every standard work on logic consisted of three divisions: doctrines of concept, judgment, and inference. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, of Wilhelm, zoals zijn familie hem eenvoudigweg noemde, werd geboren in Stuttgart. Maurice Merleau-Ponty (trans. According to Hegel, this unity evolved through and manifested itself in contradiction and negation. [126], According to Walter Kaufmann, the basic idea of Hegel's works, especially the Phenomenology of Spirit, is that a philosopher should not "confine him or herself to views that have been held but penetrate these to the human reality they reflect". Spirit, as possessed of freedom, does not belong to the sphere of things limited; it, as being what thinks and knows in an absolute way, has the universal for its object; this is eternity, which is not simply duration, as duration can be predicated of mountains, but knowledge. [143] Russell wrote in A History of Western Philosophy (1945) that Hegel was "the hardest to understand of all the great philosophers". [59]:80 While in Frankfurt, Hegel composed the essay "Fragments on Religion and Love". [112][113][114], Hegel conceived of the immortality of the soul in the following manner in reference to Christianity:[115][116], Thus the immortality of the soul must not be represented as first entering the sphere of reality only at a later stage; it is the actual present quality of spirit; spirit is eternal, and for this reason is already present. Scholars continue to point out Hegelian influences in a range of theoretical and/or learned works, such as Carl von Clausewitz's book on strategic thought, On War (1831). "Why did Hegel not become for the Protestant world something similar to what Thomas Aquinas was for Roman Catholicism?" [125] After less than a generation, Hegel's philosophy was banned by the Prussian right-wing and was firmly rejected by the left-wing in multiple official writings. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Eine Propädeutik Klassiker des politischen Denkens Band I: Von Plato bis Thomas Hobbes AQUARIUS pro life ® - CDSplus 250 ml - patentierte Chlordioxid Lösung I Konformität vom TÜV Rheinland bestätigt I CDL Tropfen I Chlorine Dioxide Solution I auf Wunsch aktivierbar I Das Original As the logical Idea is seen to unfold itself in a process from the abstract to the concrete, so in the history of philosophy the earliest systems are the most abstract, and thus at the same time the poorest...[86]. Hegel's illegitimate son, Ludwig Fischer, had died shortly before while serving with the Dutch army in Batavia and the news of his death never reached his father. Late 20th-century literature in Western Theology that is friendly to Hegel includes works by such writers as Walter Kaufmann (1966), Dale M. Schlitt (1984), Theodore Geraets (1985), Philip M. Merklinger (1991), Stephen Rocker (1995) and Cyril O'Regan (1995). The State subsumes family and civil society and fulfills them. Hegels Philosophie erhebt den Anspruch, die gesamte Wirklichkeit in der Vielfalt ihrer Erscheinungsformen einschließlich ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung zusammenhängend, systematisch und definitiv zu deuten. Leben. Author's preface to "On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of sufficient reason. And although the Logic's table of contents minimally resembles Kant's table of categories, the four headings of Kant's table (quantity, quality, relation, and modality) do not play, in Hegel's dialectic, the organizational role that Kant had in mind for them, and Hegel ultimately faulted Kant for copying the table of judgments from the "modern compendiums of logic" whose subject matter is, Hegel said, in need of "total reconstruction. [96] Böhme had written that the Fall of Man was a necessary stage in the evolution of the universe. Christened Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, he was known as Wilhelm to his close family. Biografie von Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel! A diverse range of individuals including Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, Franz Rosenzweig, Eric Voegelin and A. J. Ayer have challenged Hegelian philosophy from a variety of perspectives. [94] In his Phenomenology of Spirit and his Science of Logic, Hegel's concern with Kantian topics such as freedom and morality and with their ontological implications is pervasive. In 1802, Schelling and Hegel founded the journal Kritische Journal der Philosophie (Critical Journal of Philosophy) to which they contributed until the collaboration ended when Schelling left for Würzburg in 1803. After the period of Bruno Bauer, Hegel's influence waned until the philosophy of British Idealism and the 20th-century Hegelian Western Marxism that began with György Lukács. Recent studies have questioned this paradigm. Hegel was appointed University Rector of the University in October 1829, but his term ended in September 1830. Subjects: Generalities; philosophy; philosophers, systems, schools; late 18th to early 19th century; Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegelians. In his discussion of "Spirit" in his Encyclopedia, Hegel praises Aristotle's On the Soul as "by far the most admirable, perhaps even the sole, work of philosophical value on this topic". The rational, self-conscious whole is not a thing or being that lies outside of other existing things or minds. Erratene Übersetzungen. Herbert L. and Patricia Allen Dreyfus). the French Revolution) would cause the creation of its "antithesis" (e.g. Hegel's influence was immense in philosophy and other sciences. It was written in Hegel's hand, but may have been authored by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth person.[67]. Part of his remit was to teach a class called "Introduction to Knowledge of the Universal Coherence of the Sciences", Hegel developed the idea of an encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences, falling into three parts: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit. [134] The Hegel renaissance also highlighted the significance of Hegel's early works (i.e. "[50] In his work Systematic Theology, theologian Paul Tillich referred to Hegel's work as "perfect essentialism," later writing "essentialism was in Hegel's system fulfilled. — Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. [138] Logical positivists such as Ayer and the Vienna Circle criticized both Hegelian philosophy and its supporters, such as Bradley. Some historians have spoken of Hegel's influence as represented by two opposing camps. [107] His thoughts on the person of Jesus Christ stood out from the theologies of the Enlightenment. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. His master–slave dialectic has been influential, especially in 20th-century France. Hegel devoted himself primarily to delivering lectures; his lectures on aesthetics, the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of history and the history of philosophy were published posthumously from students' notes. [141] The physicist and philosopher Ludwig Boltzmann also criticized the obscure complexity of Hegel's works, referring to Hegel's writing as an "unclear thoughtless flow of words". His is the persistent Idea that is the same in all philosophers up to the present day, as it was the Idea of Plato and Aristotle". The eternity of spirit is here brought into consciousness, and is found in this reasoned knowledge, in this very separation, which has reached the infinitude of being-for-self, and which is no longer entangled in what is natural, contingent, and external. The "thesis–antithesis–synthesis" approach erroneously gives the sense that things or ideas are contradicted or opposed by things that come from outside them. The origin of philosophy is to be dated from Heraclitus. Hegel's concept of Aufhebung, by which parts are preserved and repurposed within the whole, anticipates the concept of emergence in contemporary systems theory and evolutionary biology. [59]:337, In 1811, Hegel married Marie Helena Susanna von Tucher (1791–1855), the eldest daughter of a Senator. This view, sometimes referred to as the "non-metaphysical option", has influenced many major English-language studies of Hegel. The mystical writings of Jakob Böhme had a strong effect on Hegel. An individual's "supreme duty is to be a member of the state" (Elements of the Philosophy of Right, section 258). Jahrhundert. This contradiction leads to the dissolution of the thing or idea in the simple form in which it presented to a higher-level, more complex thing or idea that more adequately incorporates the contradiction. [102] For Hegel, Heraclitus's great achievements were to have understood the nature of the infinite, which for Hegel includes understanding the inherent contradictoriness and negativity of reality; and to have grasped that reality is becoming or process and that "being" and "nothingness" are empty abstractions. Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel wurde als Sohn einer alten Beamten- und Theologenfamilie am 27. [142] In a similar vein, Robert Pippin notes that some view Hegel as having "the ugliest prose style in the history of the German language". [89], The "thing as it is in itself" is indeed knowable: it is the indeterminate, "futural" aspect of the thing we experience—it is what we will come to know. Martin Heidegger (trans. ), a practice that goes back to Plato's Sophist and Aristotle's Categories. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (* 27.August 1770 in Stuttgart; † 14. Martin Heidegger (trans. [95]:146 Rather than stress the singularity of each factor that complements and conflicts with the others, the relationship between finite and infinite (and particular and universal, and nature and freedom) becomes intelligible as a progressively developing and self-perfecting whole. Hegelianismus ist eine Sammelbezeichnung für die sich an Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel anschließenden oder sich auf ihn berufenden philosophischen Strömungen im 19. und 20. "[78] He was buried on 16 November. As the new semester began in October, Hegel returned to Berlin in the mistaken belief that the epidemic had largely subsided. Hegel’s thought eludes easy summation, and its premises are not intuitively obvious. To the contrary, the fundamental notion of Hegel's dialectic is that things or ideas have internal contradictions. [74]:773, Having received offers of a post from the Universities of Erlangen, Berlin and Heidelberg, Hegel chose Heidelberg, where he moved in 1816. Plato’s dialogues offer the primeexample. Hegel's system is often presented in the form of a Sierpiński triangle due to his tendency to group concepts by triads. Hegel was fascinated by the works of Kant, Rousseau and Johann Wolfgang Goethe and by the French Revolution. p. 1. Some of Hegel's writing was intended for those with advanced knowledge of philosophy, although his Encyclopedia was intended as a textbook in a university course. The direct and indirect influence of Kojève's lectures and writings (on The Phenomenology of Spirit in particular) mean that it is not possible to understand most French philosophers from Jean-Paul Sartre to Jacques Derrida without understanding Hegel. Rather, it comes to completion in the philosophical comprehension of individual existing human minds who through their own understanding bring this developmental process to an understanding of itself. The precise nature of the procedural self-concretization that drives Hegel's Logic is still the subject of controversy. Two prominent American philosophers, John McDowell and Robert Brandom (sometimes referred to as the "Pittsburgh Hegelians"), have produced philosophical works with a marked Hegelian influence. Han fick sin utbildning 1788–1793 vid Tübinger Stift, som var ett seminarium vid den protestantiska kyrkan i Württemberg. The following February marked the birth of Hegel's illegitimate son, Georg Ludwig Friedrich Fischer (1807–1831), as the result of an affair with Hegel's landlady Christiana Burkhardt née Fischer (who had been abandoned by her husband). Indeed, "logic" in the field of nineteenth-century continental philosophy takes on a range of meanings from "metaphysics" to "theory of science," from "critical epistemology" to "first philosophy."